penalty n. 1.刑罰,懲罰。 2.罰款;違約罰金。 3.報(bào)應(yīng)。 4.【牌戲】罰點(diǎn);【體育】(犯規(guī))處罰。 5.(行為等造成的)困難、障礙、不利后果 (=handicap)。 a monetary penalty 罰款處分。 the penalty area 【足球】罰球區(qū)域。 a penalty box 【冰球】被罰暫時(shí)下場(chǎng)的球員坐席。 a penalty kick 【足球】罰球。 on [under] penalty of 違者受…處罰。
Finally , this algorithm is applied to some test problems and it has the better results than using the penalty function algorithm 最后,本算法應(yīng)用于幾個(gè)典型例題,并與罰函數(shù)法相比較,數(shù)值結(jié)果表明該算法是可行的,有效的。
Details are as follows : we deal with properties of bilevel linear programming and prove the equivalence of bilevel linear programming and optimization over the efficient set . a class of multi - objective tow level programming , i . e . the upper - level is single objective and the lower - level is linear multi - objective , is mainly discussed . it can be converted into the optimization over the efficient set with parameter and an algorithm is given with its finite termination being proved ; when the upper - level is linear function , an exact penalty function algorithm is given 分層(分級(jí))遞階系統(tǒng)是社會(huì)組織管理的主要形式,多層規(guī)劃是研究這類系統(tǒng)優(yōu)化問題的基本模型,其鮮明的實(shí)際背景和廣泛的應(yīng)用前景引起了人們的廣泛關(guān)注,成為一個(gè)新興的活躍的研究領(lǐng)域,本論文研究了二層規(guī)劃中的若干問題,主要工作如下:討論了二層線性規(guī)劃的性質(zhì),并證明了它與零有效集上優(yōu)化問題的等價(jià)性;對(duì)一類二層多目標(biāo)規(guī)劃(上層為單目標(biāo)規(guī)劃、下層為線性多目標(biāo)規(guī)劃的問題)進(jìn)行了探討,將其轉(zhuǎn)化為含參變量的有效集上的優(yōu)化問題,進(jìn)而給出了一種算法,并證明了該算法的有限終止性;當(dāng)上層為線性單目標(biāo)時(shí),給出了一種罰函數(shù)方法